The Encyclopedia Of Dna Elements - 2407 Words

The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a project designed to compare and contrast the repertoire of RNAs produced by the human cells and cross verify with other methods like NGS. After a five year start-up since the beginning of the ENCODE project just 1% of the human genome has been observed and what was achieved was just the confirmation of the results of previous studies. RNA has functions of coding, regulation, decoding, and gene expression. RNA highlights the sequential output from genomes which gives the genetic information. They define the cells regulatory capabilities by their synthesis, translation, transport, processing, and modification. DNA, RNA and cellular proteins are the three most essential macromolecules responsible for the existence of life as we know it. This paper paves way for the generation of a catalogue that contains all the RNAs and their functions. The ENCODE project, which stands for Encyclopedia of DNA elements aims to catalogue and classify the RNA elements generated by human cells. This data acquisition is required to characterize and identify the functionalities that result due to the presence of the human genome sequence. The entire ENCODE project duration is divided into two phases: †¢ Phase I: (1-5 years): examined 1% of the human genome †¢ Phase II: (5-10 years): The interrogation of the complete human genome As per the findings of the ENCODE project, it is concluded that new RNAs consist of either of the two major cellularShow MoreRelatedThe Encyclopedia Of Dna Elements2709 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a project designed to compare and contrast the repertoire of RNAs produced by the human cells and cross verify with other methods like NGS. After a five year start-up since the beginning of the ENCODE project just 1% of the human genome has been observed and what was achieved was just the confirmation of the results of previous studies. RNA has functions of coding, regulation, decoding, and gene expression. RNA highlights the sequential outputRead MoreThe Human Genome Project And Encyclopedia Of Dna Elements2847 Words   |  12 Pagesour life as we know it must start at the basics with our own DNA. DNA is the building blocks for all life, so to understand life we must analyze the mechanism of genetics. Projects like the Human Genome project and Encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) analyzes DNA to give society an interpretation of what the building code is and means. Our genetic code holds coding and non-coding sequences, at first researchers focused solely on coding DNA for it carried the function and means to life. The other non-codingRead MoreThe Cumulative Prognosis Time Distribution For The Selected Signaling Pathways904 Words   |  4 Pagesprognosis time distribution for the selected signaling pathways are shown in Fig. 4. The later activation of the IL-10 pathway in the symptomatic subjects can be explain ed by the anti-inflammatory nature of IL-10 and†¦. Similarly, the fact that the DNA sensing pathway is quick to become anomalous is likely due to the initial detection of viral ssRNA by RIG-I (Pichlmair, et al., 2006). In fig. 5, we show further evidence of the pathway cascade, i.e., the fraction of the subjects that have k pathwaysRead MoreStructure And Structure Of Membrane Proteins Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagesforms of genetic information in bacteria DNA sequence stored, i.e. bacterial chromosome and plasmids. The following are the properties of a bacterial chromosome. †¢ Location: Within nucleoid region , not surrounded by nuclear envelope. †¢ Number: 1 chromosome each cell. †¢ Size: E.coli 4640 kbp. †¢ Component: Single, double-stranded circular DNA. Also includes RNA and its participation in DNA replication, transcription and gene expression of regulatory proteins. DNA does not interact with histone proteinsRead MoreGenome Decoding: A Review of Three Articles1724 Words   |  7 Pagessubject by describing the mechanism of the human DNA itself far more complex than originally thought. The third has taken a totally new perspective and approached DNA from the point of cancer. I find the third the most persuasive since He-suk (2012) approached the subject from the readers perspective. He realized that cancer is one of our largest concerns today. It remains an undefeated epidemic that arouses huge interest and concern. By approaching DNA from the perspective of cancer, He-suk (2012)Read MoreBiological Networks And The Biomedical And Genomic Fields962 Words   |  4 Pages there has been an exponential increase in the genomic and clinical data. Two of the largest and â€Å"de ep† biomedical and genomic big datasets produced by large consortia are ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). The ENCODE project14, 15 was launched to identify all functional elements in the human genome - regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. The ENCODE project has generated more than 6000 genomicRead MoreHow The Firm Strategy Affect The Emergence Of The Genomic Industry?1489 Words   |  6 Pagesthe genomic industry as a viable source of profit4. (See Figure 2) Through the advancement of DNA sequencing through â€Å"Next Generation Sequencing† platform, such as Illumina (Solexa) sequencing and Roche 454 sequencing, the genomic industry has been able to go from a viable concept to deploying profitable genomic companies. (See Figure 2) With the continuous development of the Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE), through HGP and National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), companies have beenRead MoreEssay on The Human Genome Project1437 Words   |  6 PagesEmbedded deeply in our body is the complex biological story. The Human Genome Project is the exploration of this intricate yet crucial storyline. The Genome is a complete set of genes that make up an organism. Genes are made up of DNA (deoxynucleic acid) which subsequently is made up of long paired strands. These paired strands attach in a specific manner, for example, Adenine (A) attaches itself to Thymine (T) and Cytosine(C) to Guanine (G). The genome is the perplexing key in instructing cellsRead Moreâ€Å"Challenges And Risks Of Genetically Engineered Organisms†.1655 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States for GMO crops. GMOs: Good or Bad for People and the Environment? The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide, edited by Helicon, 1st edition, 2016. Credo Reference. Accessed 04 Apr 2017. To find this encyclopedia article I used Credo Reference, using the search terms â€Å"GMOs and Health†. This article is found in The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide. The article gives a brief overview of what a GMO is and examples of how some foodsRead More`` Save The Animals : Stop Animal Testing `` By Lara Weber1241 Words   |  5 Pageshim to have neurological problems like body spasms and loud crying (Hawthorne). This is just one example of the many terrible experiments that are going on around the world. The next section talks about the similar DNA between humans and animals. Animals and humans share very similar DNA with each other. In the article â€Å"A Comparison of Human and Mouse Gene Co-expression Networks Reveals Conservation and Divergence at the Tissue, Pathway and Disease Levels† written by Gianni Monaco, Sipko Van Dam and

How to Write Book Review Free Essays

How to write a book review Perhaps the best way to offer guidelines on how to write a book review is to give you an example of the kind of instructions and guidelines we (i. e. the academic staff) would be given by journals who invite us to review books for them. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write Book Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, here are the instructions given to authors by the ‘Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders’. â€Å"A book review should be an objective and tactful evaluation of a book. The review should offer logic and fact in support of its evaluations.Without being just an abstract of the book, the review should indicate the nature and scope of the book’s content. It should indicate the goals of the author, the techniques used to achieve those goals, and the success of those techniques. You may also discuss how the book relates to its field and how it compares to other books in the field. It is important for your review to discuss what audience the book or other media best serves and to state whether the reviewer recommends it.The review should attempt to place the book within a context (e. g. , Is this a new approach? One that builds on an earlier one? ). Reviews should attempt to convey a flavor of the book overall (i. e. , not just summarize the table of contents. Quotes (see below – AQ: are there examples to be provided? ) can often help in this process. If you feel that the book does not merit a review in the Journal please let us know – there is no requirement that we review every book received and it is perfectly acceptable to do a negative review! † †¦. nd here is an example of an actual review written by Dermot Bowler and published in the European Journal of Disorders of Communication (Volume 31, pp 210-213). Note, however, that this review is somewhat longer than your word-limit permits. SAMPLE REVIEW (reproduced with permission of the author): Review of Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. Cambridge, MA. : MIT Press. The integration of a range of theoretical perspectives to provide a coherent scientific account of a natural phenomenon is an easy task only for those who have never had to do it.In this volume, Simon Baron-Cohen has attempted such a difficult exercise by integrating currently fashionable modularist cognitive science accounts of the social dysfunction found in people with autism into neuropsychological and evolutionary frameworks. In the first three Chapters of the book, he aims to persuade us firstly that the explanation of the behaviour of other people using the mentalistic language of folk-psychology (John took his umbrella with him because he thought it might rain) is both highly efficient and evolutionarily advantageous to a species such as ourselves that relies heavily on social organisation for survival.In Chapter 4, he generates a model of development which can account for the emergence of the capacity to mindread in non-autistic children and, taking the well documented deficits in autism of lack of protodeclarative pointing, lack of symbolic play and the failure to understand that another person can act in accordance with a belief that the observer knows to be false, their failure to develop in children with autism. His account draws heavily on Fodor’s (1983) notion that the mind is made up of independent domain-specific modules, the outputs of which interact to yield mental life and behaviour.He also develops earlier accounts such as that of Leslie and Roth (1993), which posit a specific modular mechanism that enables people to understand minds. Specifically, Baron-Cohen outlines four modular systems that are necessary for the process he calls ‘mindreading’. The first of these he terms an intentionality detector (ID) which is triggered by stimuli exhibiting self-propelled motion and computes desire- or goal-based dyadic representations. The second is the eye direction detector (EDD) which is fired by eye-like stimuli and generates representations of the contents of agents’ visual fields.Mechanism number three is called the shared attention mechanism (SAM) which takes input from IDD and ED to compute triadic representations of the kind ‘Daddy sees I see the cat at the window’. Finally, there is the theory of mind mechanism (ToMM), a term borrowed from Leslie’s work, which takes inputs from SAM and knowledge of mental states and their consequences which can be used in a hypothetico-deductive way by someone possessing a full ‘theory of mind’. I n Chapters 4 and 5 of the book, Baron-Cohen marshals a considerable body of evidence in support of the existence of these modules and of their selective breakdown in autism. Briefly, he argues that ID and ED are functional in autism, although he acknowledges that there are still considerable gaps in the evidence. By contrast, SAM and ToMM are severely impaired. In Chapter 6, he draws together evidence from neuropsychological and neurological studies on humans and other species to attempt to localise these modular systems in the brain.In the final two Chapters, he develops the theme that the capacity to read minds depends crucially on the ability to decode information from the eyes of others, and returns to the theme that this capacity can best be understood within an evolutionary framework. As I said at the outset, Mindreading is a tour de force, in that it draws together evidence from a variety of fields with the aim of providing a coherent picture of the phenomenon of how homo sa piens can account for and predict the behaviour of her conspecifics by means of reference to hypothetical internal mental states.Baron-Cohen’s account is worthy of our admiration not just because it describes the current state of scientific play, but also because it permits us to generate propositions which, when tested against data, will refine and improve our understanding. Nevertheless, admirable as this attempt at integration of a range of perspectives might be, a reviewer is duty bound to point out unstated assumptions, weaknesses in analysis, un-expressed counter-arguments and problems of interpretation in an author’s exposition.To this end I will now try to clarify what I see as the three major areas of weakness in this book. The first concerns Baron-Cohen’s overall modularist orientation. Although accounts of psychological functioning that see behaviour as caused by discrete mental processes that are self-contained, domain-specific, automatic, impenetrable to conscious analysis and localised in specific brain sites has a respectable history, it is not, as its originator, Jerry Fodor would have us believe, the only game in town.It is quite possible to argue that the relationship between the categories we use to analyse behaviour and categories of brain state may be more subtle and more complex than a simple one-to-one correspondence, and that localisation of function may be the result either of anatomical happenstance or may not be a serious contender, given the global and integrated manner in which some neuroscientists think brains work. Readers who might be tempted to call a child ‘SAM-impaired’ or ‘IDD-but-not-EDD-impaired should read Bates et al. s (1988) critique of modularism, as well as of what she termed in a 1993 talk ‘thing-in-a-box neurology’, before forming such opinions. My second problem with the book concerns the way in which evidence is presented in support of the argument. Baron-Cohen draws on a wide range of evidence to support the four main planks in his argument; evolutionary, cognitive, neuropsychological/neurological and cultural. Evolutionary evidence is notoriously difficult to assess, since it inevitably has a post-hoc element to it.This is all the more true of the evolution of behavioural adaptations, since they do not leave fossil records that can allow us to detect non-advantageous changes that have died out. I am also worried by arguments that infer survival value and evolutionary success on the basis of the widespread use of a particular behaviour. Baron-Cohen attributes the survival of Homo Sapiens to the fact that we have developed mindreading skills. But many other organisms – from a-social HIV through bees to the social great apes – are evolutionarily successful without mindreading skills. Moreover, I am suspicious about evolutionary accounts that argue that increasingly complex social organisation in primates led to the development of mind-reading skills. This is as if the behaviours called forth by the survival demands of living in complex societies produced a gene that coded for a brain structure that made a particular social behaviour possible. In my view, there is a worrying circularity about all this, not to mention a whiff of Lamarckianism. On the cognitive front, there is undoubtedly an impressive amount of evidence that supports Baron-Cohen’s case, evidence which he presents cogently and skilfully.Indeed, this is the strongest and most closely-argued section of the book. However, there are worrying instances where counter-evidence is either glossed over (e. g. Ozonoff et al’s, 1991 evidence on the possession of mindreading skills in high-functioning individuals with autism) or relegated to footnotes (Ozonoff et al’s, 1991 failure to replicate Baron-Cohen et al’s, 1986 picture sequencing task). There are other instances where evidence appears to be presented where none exists – for example in his discussion of non-autistic people’s use of mental state terms when describing Heider and Simmel’s (1944) cartoon sequence.At the time the book was written, no published data existed on the use of this instrument with people with autism (but see Bowler ;amp; Thommen, 1995), although a less than careful reading of this text might lead one to conclude that there had been. My third set of reservations centre on often inconsistent or imprecise use of terminology. For example, is it justifiable to speak of a module such as ID as ‘interpreting’ stimuli, rather than just generating output when such st imuli are present and not when they are not?On pp126-127, the discussion slides from ‘psychopathology’ to ‘neuropathology’ without explanation. In this section also, I am certain that blind people would not welcome being labelled as having a psychopathology. Examples can also be found of references cited in the text but not in the reference list at the back. All these shortcomings suggest a hasty compilation of the volume. A little more time spent on reflection, exposition and the more technical aspects of production would have paid dividends here.Most of the reservations I have expressed so far all seem to stem from the most major problem of this book, namely its length, or rather the mis-match between its length and the aims the author has set himself. Baron-Cohen acknowledges that he faced a difficult task in trying to write for experts in biological and cognitive sciences, students of psychology and the general reader. Trying to please this four-faceted audience is a difficult enough task; it is even more difficult when the debate has to be engaged at several levels of academic discourse. It is well-nigh impossible in an essay of about 120 pages of printed text.Its very length constrains the book to contain a little, albeit very important, knowledge. However, a little knowledge can be a very dangerous thing. Although I would recommend this book to anyone with a personal, scientific or clinical interest in autism, to avoid danger, I would also recommend that it be consumed with some complementary material. The best I can suggest is a paper by the author himself (Baron-Cohen, 1994), which is accompanied by several commentaries and a reply by the author that gives a better flavour of the subtleties of the field than does the volume under review here. How to cite How to Write Book Review, Papers

Agenda Setting And Global Television

Question: Discuss about theAgenda Setting and Global Television. Answer: Introduction The media covers most occurrences in the world. A large percentage of the world's population has access to a gadget which enables access to information. The gadgets could be a mobile phone, television set, a computer and several other platforms. With the advancements in the field of technology, the way in which news spread from one corner of the world to the other has also changed. The communication speed has also increased. The use of the internet has created a platform for media convergence. Information can be sent to the audience in different forms over the internet. Audio, video, pictures, as well as print media, can be sent via the internet. An event happening in The United States of America can be easily followed by someone from India or any other part of the world through live streaming; all you need to do is just get the link of the airing television channel. (Mccombs, 2013, P.85). The Agenda-Setting Theory The agenda setting theory explains how the media affects the audience by setting up the topic to think about. It was formulated by Max McCombs and Donald Shaw in the year 1968 when they were studying the impact of the media to the American Presidential elections. (Bowles, Hamilton Levy, 2014, P.53). What people watch on the television is what they will think about and decide the course to follow. However, this theory has mostly been linked to the wrong happenings in the society which include war, increased crimes and immorality in the societies. A study was done to see the impact of television programs and games on young children. It was found out that those children who were found to be violent watched war-related films and played games such as the Grand Theft Auto (GTA) (David, 2016, P.124). The Consequences of Conflict Reportage in Global Television Global television channels are watched in several places of the world. These channels include BBC, which is found in the United Kingdom, Aljazeera, found in the Middle East, CNN, found in the United States, Sky News, Fox News, and several other television channels. These television channels have a large viewership in the world. News or any other media material aired in these channels will affect a large percentage of people. The attack on the US in September 2011 led to the bombing of Afghanistan which was believed to hide the terrorist responsible, Osama Bin Laden. This event was covered in several media houses with the major one being Aljazeera which even gave the clips of speeches of Bin Laden. The US was forced to regulate the activities of the station; it did not succeed and therefore decided to bomb its operational base killing journalists of the station. What Aljazeera was showing the people was that they knew where Bin Laden was but could not tell the US of his hiding. If they did not know, the question among many was, how did they interview him? It was a time of crisis in Afghanistan, and many innocent people were killed along with the suspects, yet the person behind all these is viewed on the television, what agenda is the Channel setting? Aljazeera set an agenda for the military to bomb its operational base which was not in their plan till they watched their content. Most places during the times of war are attacked because the media has revealed the ongoing activities. The government is then forced by the media to formulate policies to favor different activities in the regions. Most people in the world will expect the government to act in the direction provided by the global media since they feel it is the right decision after being convinced. A video footage from WikiLeaks, in 2010 which showed how the US soldiers killed several civilians and two journalists brought the world into attention on the ongoing crisis. This was not a good image to the world. It made the US military to regulate its attack activities in the fight towards terrorism in the world. So many blamed the incident which resulted in the US government to call upon the military to change their attack policies. Government and organization policies in the world can be set by the global media either directly or indirectly. In an indirect way, the video footage mobilized human rights organizations in the world to rise against the killings. In such cases, the blamed organization will always try to paint such a media negatively. Global television reporting creates a public sphere to any military operations in the world. Mass killings are therefore stopped. This is a positive impact to the society. However, at times it is believed to spread propaganda in the world. This in most cases does happen when the media has been denied freedom by the government. The government will in most cases try to prevent the media from covering the truth about its operations, most of the time political leaders are the ones responsible. They want to be painted positively in the world despite their doings. For example, the US never wanted to be blamed for attacking Iraqi in 2003. (Freedman, Thussu, 2013, P.77). President George W. Bush saw that he was right after all. The news was spread globally that Iraqi was harboring terrorists and that was the reason behind the attack. According to many, this was propaganda to attack Iraqi, the US could have arrested President Saddam Hussein, whom they wanted and stop killing innocent civilia ns. In order to cover tracks which will lead to revealing the truth, global media is made to spread propaganda in the world nations so that they can see the essence of the attack on Iraq. (Haridakis, Hugenberg Wearden, 2016, P.111). The US assumed that it had rights to implement its policies in Iraq without consent from the international ruling bodies. Media Freedom The media is the fourth estate in a country; it deserves freedom. It needs to operate under minimal regulation from the government to avoid it becoming a propaganda tool. Does global media have freedom? The media has not been fully permitted to work in the world. This is why we still have propaganda spread through the global media, misleading people to follow a certain direction intended for them. Media freedom is the reason behind the killing of journalists in the world to cover the truth which they would have revealed to the world. We have had cases of BBC and Aljazeera journalist's being attacked and killed. This is not only in the global television network but also in the local and regional television networks. For instance last month, in Kenya Joseph Masha, who was a news reporter of The Standard Newspaper was attacked after he had had a meal with his rival, who was a politician. He had published an article which could have made the politician to lose in the elections (Zavattaro Bryer, 2016, P.116) He is believed to have killed Masha to stop publications about him. It is according to the media laws to protect your sources of information. (Plaisance, 2012, P.32). The US, during their attack in Afghanistan, attacked the global television networks of Aljazeera for airing clips of the most wanted terrorist Osama bin Laden. They wanted to destroy the footage of the video clips and ended up killing journalists in the process. This is an indication that the media has not been given permission to cover certain events. They wanted Aljazeera to tell them where they got the footage from. This is against the media laws in the world. News sources are not to be revealed for their security purposes. Respect to the media laws is missing in the world. (Baran Davis, 2015, P.34) With the advancements in technology, media convergence has greatly improved. The global television networks have a wide coverage. People in different parts of the world can easily access the channels like BBC and CNN in any place through live streaming as long as they possess a gadget that is network enabled like for instance a phone. With the increased internet speeds, there are no difficulties when live streaming. Because of this, most people get news and programs from these channels. As per the agenda setting theory, most of their decisions are made from watching these programs. (Stewart, 2016, P. 63). Now that media has been denied full freedom by governments in which they operate, propaganda is quickly spread all over the world within a very short duration. In the US attack against Iraq, the American government stopped its media from using footage from Aljazeera due to the content covered. At that time, the Iraq attacks were what dominated the media, and so many people who were following the occurrences were denied the opportunity. In this case, the US infringed the media freedom. (Seethaler, 2013, P.47). Freedom of expression and speech has also been invaded in several instances in the global media. When denied an opportunity to air the news or articles you have researched on, then you are being silenced. Since there are so many people watching the global television, access to information is denied to them. Freedom of expression and access to information goes hand in hand in several ways. If one of them is hindered, then the other one is affected. For example, CNN was asked to tell the civilians that Afghanistan was being bombed because of the Taliban's regime to support Al-Qaeda. This was also implemented to the rest of the media houses in the world. The media was directed on what to say therefore it had no freedom to express and exercise what they understood. (Allen Seaton, 2013, P.16) Conclusion The CNN theory that television has usurped the function of governments in setting the agenda therefore dictating international relations holds in some circumstances. What we always have to remember is that the media does not tell people what to think, but what to think about. People are the final decision makers. (Ohair, 2015, P.9). The circumstances under which this theory works include when superpower nations like the USA use the media to spread propaganda to other nations. (Ess, 2009, P.97) The other countries (developed nations), will abide by what they will watch the television or other social media. For instance, when CNN aired news that Afghanistan was to be attacked for supporting terrorists despite the fact that consent was not sleeked from the United Nations organization to apply military force to the state. Most countries believed in it. References Allen, T., Seaton, J. (2013). The media of conflict: war reporting and representations of ethnic violence. London, ZIntellect Baran, S. J., Davis, D. K. (2015). Mass communication theory: foundations, ferment, and future. Boston, MA, Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Bowles, N., Hamilton, J., Levy, D. A. L. (2014). Transparency in politics and the media: accountability and open government. David A. (2016). Agenda setting, problem definition, and their contributions to a political policy analysis. Ess, C. (2009). Digital media ethics. Cambridge, Polity. https://site.ebrary.com/id/Intellect Freedman, D., Thussu, D. K. (2013). War and the media: reporting conflict 24/7. London [u.a.], Sage Publ. Haridakis, P. M., Hugenberg, B. S., Wearden, S. T. (2016). War and the media: essays on news reporting, propaganda and popular culture. Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland Company, Inc., Publishers. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1594691 Mccombs, M. (2013). Setting the Agenda the Mass Media and Public Opinion. New York, NY, John Wiley Sons. https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-201502186778 O'hair, H. D. (2015). Communication and media. Westport, Conn, Praeger. Plaisance, P. L. (2012). Media ethics: key principles for responsible practice. Los Angeles, SAGE. Seethaler, J. (2013). Selling war: the role of the mass media in hostile conflicts from World War I to the "War on Terror". Bristol, UK, Intellect Stewart, I. (2016). War, culture and the media: representations of the military in 20th century Britain. Trowbridge, Flicks Book Intellect Willis, J. (2013). The media effect: how the news influences politics and government. Westport, Conn. [u.a.], Praeger Zavattaro, S. M., Bryer, T. A. (2016). Social media for government: theory and practice